U. Mitra-Kraev
Flares on active M-type stars observed with XMM-Newton and Chandra
2007 (Supervisor: L. K. Harra)
M-type red dwarfs are among the most active stars. Their light curves
display random variability of rapid increase and gradual decrease in
emission. It is believed that these large energy events, or flares,
are the manifestation of the permanently reforming magnetic field of
the stellar atmosphere. Stellar coronal flares are observed in the
radio, optical, ultraviolet and X-rays. With the new generation of
X-ray telescopes, XMM-Newton and Chandra, it has become possible to
study these flares in much greater detail than ever before. This
thesis focuses on three core issues about flares: (i) how their X-ray
emission is correlated with the ultraviolet, (ii) using an oscillation
to determine the loop length and the magnetic field strength of a
particular flare, and (iii) investigating the change of density
sensitive lines during flares using high-resolution X-ray spectra.
(i) It is known that flare emission in different wavebands often
correlate in time. However, here is the first time where data is
presented which shows a correlation between emission from two
different wavebands (soft X-rays and ultraviolet) over various sized
flares and from five stars, which supports that the flare process is
governed by common physical parameters scaling over a large range.
(ii) As it is impossible to spatially resolve any but a very few giant
stars, the only information on spatial dimensions as well as the
magnetic field strength of stellar coronae has to come from indirect
measurements. Using wavelet analysis, I isolated the first stellar
X-ray flare oscillation. Interpreting it as a standing coronal flare
loop oscillation, I derived a flare loop length as well as the
magnetic field strength for this X-ray flare.
(iii) The high-resolution soft X-ray spectra of Chandra and XMM-Newton
allow us to determine temperatures, densities and abundances of the
stellar coronae. Despite a low signal-to-noise ratio because of the
relatively short duration of a flare, we find that, if adding up the
photons of several flares, certain density sensitive spectral lines
change significantly between quiescent and flaring states. This
project led on to investigate the flaring spectrum further, and it is
found that the plasma is no longer in collisional ionisation
equilibrium, but that it is dominated by recombinations.